当onload事件触发时,页面上所有的DOM,样式表,脚本,图片,flash都已经加载完成了。
当DOMContentLoaded事件触发时,仅当DOM加载完成,不包括样式表,图片,flash。
我们需要给一些元素的事件绑定处理函数。但可能出现一种情况,如果那个元素还没有加载到页面上,绑定事件却已经执行完了。这两个事件大致就是用来避免这样一种情况,保证在页面的某些元素加载完毕之后再绑定事件的函数。
当然DOMContentLoaded机制更加合理,因为我们可以容忍图片,flash延迟加载,却不可以容忍看见内容后页面不可交互。
大家可以从这个微软提供的例子 看到很明显的区别。
在没有出现DOMContentLoaded事件出现以前,许多类库中都有模拟这个事件的方法,比如jQuery中著名的$(document).ready(function(){})
;
首先看一些DOMContentLoaded的特殊情况
虽然文档称该事件仅当在DOM加载完成之后触发,实际上并非如此。
在某些版本的Gecko和Webkit引擎的浏览器中,会使外链样式的加载完成也成为触发DOMContentLoaded事件的条件之一。最普遍的情况是<script src="">
跟在一个<link rel="stylesheet">
之后,无论这个script标签是在head还是在body中,比如:
Html:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<head>
<link rel= "stylesheet" href= "stylesheet.css" >
<script src= "script.js" ></script>
</head>
<body>
<div id= "element" > The element</div>
</body>
stylesheet.css:
#element { color : red ; }
script.js
document . addEventListener ( ' DOMContentLoaded ' , function () {
alert ( getComputedStyle ( document . getElementById ( ' element ' ), null ). color );
}, false );
你可以尝试强制服务器端使样式表延迟一段时间才加载(甚至10秒),测试的结果是,仍然可以在DOMContentLoaded事件的回调中读出元素样式,比如#FF0000或者rgb(255, 0, 0)。说明在事件发生之前样式表已经加载完成了。而在opera中却无法读出style的属性。
把脚本外链把样式外链之后已经是一种通用的作法,甚至在jquery的官方文档中也是这样推荐的
其实对大部分脚本来说,这样的脚本等待外链的机制还是有意义的,比如一些DOM和样式操作需要读取元素的位置,颜色等。这就需要样式先于脚本加载。
加载样式表会阻塞外链脚本的执行
一些Gecko和Webkit引擎版本的浏览器,包括IE8在内,会同时发起多个Http请求来并行下载样式表和脚本。但脚本不会被执行,直到样式被加载完成。在未加载完之前甚至页面也不会被渲染。你可以在frebug或者Chrome的web developer中验证:
但是在opera中样式的加载不会阻塞脚本的执行。有一些类库中模拟dom ready的行为中会把这个“意外”修正为与firefox和chrome类似。
附带一句,在Explorer和Gecko中,样式的加载同样也会阻塞直接写在页面上的脚本的执行(脚本接在样式表之后)。在Webkit和Opera中页面上的脚本会被立即执行。
javascript框架是如何实现自己的dom ready事件的?
webkit
如果是webkit引擎则轮询document的readyState属性,当值为loaded或者complete时则触发DOMContentLoaded事件
if ( Browser . Engine . webkit ) {
timer = window . setInterval ( function () {
if ( /loaded|complete/ . test ( document . readyState ))
fireContentLoadedEvent ();
}, 0 );
对webkit引擎还有一个办法是,因为webkit在525以上的版本中才开始引入了DOMContentLoaded事件,那么你可以对webkit的引擎版本进行判断,如果在525之下就用上面轮询的办法,如果在525之上,则直接注册DOMContentLoaded事件吧。
因为DOMContentLoaded事件最早其实是firefox的私有事件,而后其他的浏览器才开始引入这一事件。所以对火狐浏览器无需多余的处理
IE
方法一:在页面临时插入一个script元素,并设置defer属性,最后把该脚本加载完成视作DOMContentLoaded事件来触发。
document . write ( " < " + " script id=__onDOMContentLoaded defer src=//:>< \ /script> " );
$ ( " __onDOMContentLoaded " ). onreadystatechange = function () {
if ( this . readyState == " complete " ) {
this . onreadystatechange = null ;
fireContentLoadedEvent ();
}
};
但这样做有一个问题是,如果插入脚本的页面包含iframe的话,会等到iframe加载完才触发,其实这与onload是无异的。
方法二:通过setTiemout来不断的调用documentElement的doScroll方法,直到调用成功则出触发DOMContentLoaded
var temp = document . createElement ( ' div ' );
( function (){
( $try ( function (){
temp . doScroll ( ' left ' );
return $ ( temp ). inject ( document . body ). set ( ' html ' , ' temp ' ). dispose ();
})) ? domready () : arguments . callee . delay ( 50 );
})();
这样做的原理是
在IE下,DOM的某些方法只有在DOM解析完成后才可以调用,doScroll就是这样一个方法,反过来当能调用doScroll的时候即是DOM解析完成之时,与prototype中的document.write相比,该方案可以解决页面有iframe时失效的问题。
方法三:首先注册document的onreadystatechange事件,但经测试后该犯方法与window.onload相当
document . attachEvent ( " onreadystatechange " , function (){
if ( document . readyState === " complete " ) {
document . detachEvent ( " onreadystatechange " , arguments . callee );
jQuery . ready ();
}
});
接下来具体看一看几大前端框架是如何综合运用这几个方法的。
jquery 1.9.0
jQuery . ready . promise = function ( obj ) {
if ( ! readyList ) {
readyList = jQuery . Deferred ();
// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called after the browser event has already occurred.
// we once tried to use readyState "interactive" here, but it caused issues like the one
// discovered by ChrisS here: http://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12282#comment:15
if ( document . readyState === " complete " ) {
// Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready
setTimeout ( jQuery . ready );
// Standards-based browsers support DOMContentLoaded
} else if ( document . addEventListener ) {
// Use the handy event callback
document . addEventListener ( " DOMContentLoaded " , DOMContentLoaded , false );
// A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
window . addEventListener ( " load " , jQuery . ready , false );
// If IE event model is used
} else {
// Ensure firing before onload, maybe late but safe also for iframes
document . attachEvent ( " onreadystatechange " , DOMContentLoaded );
// A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
window . attachEvent ( " onload " , jQuery . ready );
// If IE and not a frame
// continually check to see if the document is ready
var top = false ;
try {
top = window . frameElement == null && document . documentElement ;
} catch ( e ) {}
if ( top && top . doScroll ) {
( function doScrollCheck () {
if ( ! jQuery . isReady ) {
try {
// Use the trick by Diego Perini
// http://javascript.nwbox.com/IEContentLoaded/
top . doScroll ( " left " );
} catch ( e ) {
return setTimeout ( doScrollCheck , 50 );
}
// and execute any waiting functions
jQuery . ready ();
}
})();
}
}
}
return readyList . promise ( obj );
};
具体分析如下
首先如果浏览器拥有.readystate
if ( document . readyState === " complete " ) {
// Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready
setTimeout ( jQuery . ready );
}
我不确定这样的延迟起到了什么样的作用。希望有经验的朋友能指点一下
再者,如果浏览器支持DOMContentLoaded的话
if ( document . addEventListener ) {
// Use the handy event callback
document . addEventListener ( " DOMContentLoaded " , DOMContentLoaded , false );
// A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
window . addEventListener ( " load " , jQuery . ready , false );
}
注意,它在最后还是给load事件注册了事件,以防不测,做为回滚用。
IE
首先它给onreadystatechange和onload事件注册了方法,作为fallback
// Ensure firing before onload, maybe late but safe also for iframes
document . attachEvent ( " onreadystatechange " , DOMContentLoaded );
// A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
window . attachEvent ( " onload " , jQuery . ready );
继续判断是否为iframe,如果不是的话采用不断的轮询scorll的方法
// If IE and not a frame
// continually check to see if the document is ready
var top = false ;
try {
top = window . frameElement == null && document . documentElement ;
} catch ( e ) {}
if ( top && top . doScroll ) {
( function doScrollCheck () {
if ( ! jQuery . isReady ) {
try {
// Use the trick by Diego Perini
// http://javascript.nwbox.com/IEContentLoaded/
top . doScroll ( " left " );
} catch ( e ) {
return setTimeout ( doScrollCheck , 50 );
}
// and execute any waiting functions
jQuery . ready ();
}
})();
}
再贴上几段其他框架的代码,大同小异,就不具体分析了
prototype
( function ( GLOBAL ) {
/* Support for the DOMContentLoaded event is based on work by Dan Webb,
Matthias Miller, Dean Edwards, John Resig, and Diego Perini. */
var TIMER ;
function fireContentLoadedEvent () {
if ( document . loaded ) return ;
if ( TIMER ) window . clearTimeout ( TIMER );
document . loaded = true ;
document . fire ( ' dom:loaded ' );
}
function checkReadyState () {
if ( document . readyState === ' complete ' ) {
document . detachEvent ( ' onreadystatechange ' , checkReadyState );
fireContentLoadedEvent ();
}
}
function pollDoScroll () {
try {
document . documentElement . doScroll ( ' left ' );
} catch ( e ) {
TIMER = pollDoScroll . defer ();
return ;
}
fireContentLoadedEvent ();
}
if ( document . readyState === ' complete ' ) {
// We must have been loaded asynchronously, because the DOMContentLoaded
// event has already fired. We can just fire `dom:loaded` and be done
// with it.
fireContentLoadedEvent ();
return ;
}
if ( document . addEventListener ) {
// All browsers that support DOM L2 Events support DOMContentLoaded,
// including IE 9.
document . addEventListener ( ' DOMContentLoaded ' , fireContentLoadedEvent , false );
} else {
document . attachEvent ( ' onreadystatechange ' , checkReadyState );
if ( window == top ) TIMER = pollDoScroll . defer ();
}
// Worst-case fallback.
Event . observe ( window , ' load ' , fireContentLoadedEvent );
})( this );
mootools
( function ( window , document ){
var ready ,
loaded ,
checks = [],
shouldPoll ,
timer ,
testElement = document . createElement ( ' div ' );
var domready = function (){
clearTimeout ( timer );
if ( ready ) return ;
Browser . loaded = ready = true ;
document . removeListener ( ' DOMContentLoaded ' , domready ). removeListener ( ' readystatechange ' , check );
document . fireEvent ( ' domready ' );
window . fireEvent ( ' domready ' );
};
var check = function (){
for ( var i = checks . length ; i -- ;) if ( checks [ i ]()){
domready ();
return true ;
}
return false ;
};
var poll = function (){
clearTimeout ( timer );
if ( ! check ()) timer = setTimeout ( poll , 10 );
};
document . addListener ( ' DOMContentLoaded ' , domready );
/**/
// doScroll technique by Diego Perini http://javascript.nwbox.com/IEContentLoaded/
// testElement.doScroll() throws when the DOM is not ready, only in the top window
var doScrollWorks = function (){
try {
testElement . doScroll ();
return true ;
} catch ( e ){}
return false ;
};
// If doScroll works already, it can't be used to determine domready
// e.g. in an iframe
if ( testElement . doScroll && ! doScrollWorks ()){
checks . push ( doScrollWorks );
shouldPoll = true ;
}
/**/
if ( document . readyState ) checks . push ( function (){
var state = document . readyState ;
return ( state == ' loaded ' || state == ' complete ' );
});
if ( ' onreadystatechange ' in document ) document . addListener ( ' readystatechange ' , check );
else shouldPoll = true ;
if ( shouldPoll ) poll ();
Element . Events . domready = {
onAdd : function ( fn ){
if ( ready ) fn . call ( this );
}
};
// Make sure that domready fires before load
Element . Events . load = {
base : ' load ' ,
onAdd : function ( fn ){
if ( loaded && this == window ) fn . call ( this );
},
condition : function (){
if ( this == window ){
domready ();
delete Element . Events . load ;
}
return true ;
}
};
// This is based on the custom load event
window . addEvent ( ' load ' , function (){
loaded = true ;
});
})( window , document );
参考文献
参考文献集合